MEDICINAL PLANTS contain active ingredients in one or some of their organs. Squalene is one of the active ingredients that prevent heart attacks and cardiovascular diseases and protect the body from some cancers. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of squalene in a number of MEDICINAL PLANTS. In this experiment, the plant oils were extracted and measured using Bligh & Dyer with minor changes. TLC (thin layer chromatography) was used to identify squalene. Comparison of TLC of standard squalene with TLC of the investigated MEDICINAL plant samples showed that Caryophillium aromaticus, Descurainia sophia, Portulaca Oleracea, Papaver somniferum and Nigella Sativa contained squalene. Although the percentage of Papaver somniferum and Nigella Sativa seed oil was higher than other MEDICINAL PLANTS, the squalane spot of clove plant had a higher intensity of color and this indicates a higher concentration of squalene in this plant.

Since the evaluation of the diversity indicators in consumption of MEDICINAL species by the beneficiary’s households and its driving factors is of utmost importance in marketing, multi-purpose planning of rangelands and sustainable development, a questionary-based study was carried out to determine the diversity indices of MEDICINAL species consumption in settled nomadic communities living under different management and livelihood situations in the rangelands of Dyvaroeieh in Bardsir township, Kerman province, Iran. To this end, the MEDICINAL species consumed by each household (as a study unit) in addition to the diversity indicators of consumption (i.e., dominance coefficient and Shannon-Weiner index) were evaluated under two management sites comprising Rangeland Management Plan (RMP) (i.e.,Dvyaroeieh 1) and the nearest adjacent rangeland without RMP (i.e., Dyvaroeieh 2, as control treatment ) and three livelihood levels (i.e., very poor (<50 million Rials monthly income), poor (50-100 million Rials monthly income) and moderate (100-150 million Rials monthly income)) under factorial test in SPSS software environment. The study's results revealed that both of management and livelihood factors can be applied by manager to increase diversity indices in MEDICINAL PLANTS consumed by beneficiaries. More specifically, management through RMP was more powerful and effective tool in this way. Therefore, it could conceivably be argued that RMP can be considered as a driving factor in increasing the diversity of MEDICINAL plant consumption and also be a suitable platform to meet the needs and demands of rangelands’ beneficiaries in this field.

Utilization of MEDICINAL PLANTS in treatment of diseases has a long history and human know their beneficial effects for treatment. Since recognition and dissociation MEDICINAL from unMEDICINAL PLANTS is very difficult and need long time, then recognize MEDICINAL plant and dissociate them from other PLANTS can help interested user to utilize.In this survey according botanical resources, based upon evidences, people experiences, perfect questionnaire by grocery in different city of Khuzestan and also field investigation in the four season on fourfold regions of Khuzestan, wrote all MEDICINAL plant and their dispersion, characteristics of specified growing region, utility and ect. From 950 species in Khuzestan about 225 species were introduced as MEDICINAL PLANTS in the books and grocerys.Family of Labiatae, Compositae, Papilionaceae and Umbelliferae has most MEDICINAL plant species in Khuzestan. From this collection, the aromatic PLANTS are worth and number of them is able to develop their industrial cultivation. MEDICINAL plant that needs the best method to exploitation and the species that must protect to control decay is introduced.

Background and Purpose: Information related to the use of MEDICINAL PLANTS has been passed down from one generation to another for many years, leading to the establishment of an important field called ethnobotany or herbal ethnography. To date, no research has been conducted to investigate the ethnobotanical MEDICINAL PLANTS of the indigenous people of Ilam to identify MEDICINAL PLANTS effective on kidney stones. Materials and Methods: The current study is a cross-sectional ethnobotanical study between April 2023 and November 2023 in Ilam city. Collection of traditional therapeutic information about PLANTS effective on kidney stones (kidney pain) was conducted through an ethnobotanical questionnaire. The individual conducting the inquiry personally carried out interviews by visiting each and every herbal store (Attari) in the city of Ilam. To analyze the data obtained from the interviews, indicators such as the usage report index (UR) and the quantitative index of the relative frequency of registration (RFC) were used to obtain quantitative information. Results: According to the results, 52% of the participants in the study were male herbalistsand 48% were female. Approximately, 60% of the herbalists had a bachelor's degree, and 60% were Kurds. In Ilam city, 16 plant species from 14 plant families are used to treat kidney pain caused by kidney stones. Alfalfa, corn, Iranian scurvy, prickly pear, three-color marshmallow, tangerine, Japanese parsnip, spectacular artichoke, andole, black seed, Abu Jahl watermelon, murtlekh, desert ivy, two branched horses, yarrow, small-seeded cherry, chicory, fig and Desert monkey flower is one of the most important MEDICINAL PLANTS that are used in the ethnobotany of Ilam city to treat kidney stones. Conclusion: The findings derived from this research not only preserve the ethnic knowledge related to MEDICINAL PLANTS in the region but also open avenues for further studies aimed at treating kidney stones with these identified PLANTS, potentially leading to the development of effective and safe herbal remedies for this condition.

Ziarat Biosphers Reserve covers an area 65I hectares situated in the Golestan provinces, at different altitude (650- 2250 m), in this geographical area, remarkable endemic and unique PLANTS are spreading of their compatibility and extraordinary conformity concerning the environmental a climatic adaptive have been taken in to account among the valuable herbaceous genetic reserves and in order to recognition of their chemical compositions and effective material during the recent decades, extensive researches have been done by different research and university centers. Fortunately, some company agro - industry associations in production of many kind of drugs. The result obtained from their continued efforts is the production of many kinds of drug with herbaceous source which are possessing the justification from the ministry of Health.Non - economical collection if MEDICINAL PLANTS in traditional from demonstrated the necessity of their cultivations in the form of, echanized cultivatidrs and agro industry associations. Therefore, to achieve the purpose, the recognition of ecologic, phenologic needs of PLANTS in inevitable.In this article 107 plant species are reported from the area. They are including 42 family and 103 genera. Therophytes (20.6%), Hemicryptophyte (11.2%), Geophytes (36.4%) Phanerophytes (19.6%) and chamaephytes (12.1%) are the most important life forms of the reserve.Also traditional Current uses, Botany characteristic, the methods for increasing, geographical distribution, chemical composition, the way of using, usable parts of the plant and finally their MEDICINAL figures have been presented.

The research project of collection and identification of MEDICINAL PLANTS of Zanjan province was studied during 2000-2003 and 217 species of MEDICINAL PLANTS were collected and identified. They are classified in 68 families. The most number of MEDICINAL species belongs to compositae (27 species). Before this study about 49 species were identified as MEDICINAL PLANTS in Zanjan province and now we have identified and introduced 163 species.